The following article is part of a series called “German A-Levels/Abitur 2005 English”. In Germany you have your a-levels after the 13rd year in school. Pupils are usually between 17 and 18 years when they have their exams. In the compulsory schools you a broad variety of courses: From German, English, Spanish, French, Dutch, Greek to Science, Maths, Geographics, Physics, Literature, Arts and Sports etc. I prepared myself in 2005 for my a-levels by writing everything down. May these articles help anyone. Enjoy!

Land rights:
In many 3rd World countries the land is owned by relatively few people or organisations (often multinational), who use it for plantations of cash-crops which can be sold. The mass of the population, who do not own land, cannot plant the subsistence crops they need to support themselves. If food prices are high and their wages are low, or they are unemployed, these people face malnutrition or even starvation.

Multinationals:
A company based in one country is subject to the laws of that country, pays taxes there, and can be controlled in its operations.
Multinationals however are not controlled that much. They act in their own interest.

Arms Trade:
Part of a government’s budget that is spent on defence. Industrialized countries support Arms Trade as many jobs are in manufacturing of arms. Many countries give credits to poor countries so that they can participate in Arms Trade.

Tied Aid:
Rich nations devote small portions of their budget to foreign aid. The idea is to make countries better by helping them to be able to help themselves. Sometimes the aid comes in the form of interest-free loans or capital. In most cases the countries that receive Tied Aid cannot decide how to use the help. The multinational companies profit from Tied Aid, too, because often the aid receiving countries buy products from the donor country.

Cash Crops:
Products like tea, coffee, cocoa, bananas or tobacco are Cash Crops.
Cash Crops are items that cannot be effectively consumed by the producing countries but bought by richer countries. Cash Crops are products that are sold on the world market.

Colonial history:
In many colonies the colonists organised trade and industry to serve their own interests. For instance, the raw materials were produced in the colony, and the processed in the metropolis using technology to make a finished product. This happened, for instance, with sugar in the Caribbean, cotton in India or copper in Zambia. The processing is the profitable part, and the resources of rich countries ensure their technology is always more advanced. The colonists often destroyed and agricultural system where fanning was carried out in harmony with nature, the result was erosion and soil exhaustion. Populations which could support themselves became dependent on wages instead.

Problems connected with multiculturalism in England:
- rough competition between immigrants and white citizens for the low number of jobs
- racism by dissatisfied whites (problem: jobs)
- substandard housing (run-down areas)
- development of ghettos
- ethnic segregation: different ethnic minorities live separated from each other
- riots
- racial tension
- violence
- unemployment
- prejudice
- people feel overrun
- people feel like foreigner are not willing to integrate into society
- fear of their own country turning “foreign”
- cultural differences

Summary
Immigrants
- legal
- temporary

Asylum seekers
- bogus
- genuine

Hopes
- living conditions
- work
- education

Commonwealth countries
- Bangladesh
- Pakistan
- India
- Caribbean
- Africa

Problems
- competition (jobs)
- racism
- riots
- racial tension
- violence
- unemployment
- development of ghettos
- run-down areas
- ethnic minorities

Solutions
- government is to spend money on job creation
- social centres
- city councils
- community
- increase acceptance

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